Fukushima may have scattered plutonium widely via Physics World

Tiny fragments of plutonium may have been carried more than 200 km by caesium particles released following the meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan in 2011. So says an international group of scientists that has made detailed studies of soil samples at sites close to the damaged reactors. The researchers say the findings shed new light on conditions inside the sealed-off reactors and should aid the plant’s decommissioning.

Caesium is a volatile fission product created in nuclear fuel. During the Fukushima meltdown, it combined with silica gas created when melting fuel and other reactor materials interacted with the concrete below the damaged reactor vessel. The resulting glass particles, known as caesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs), measure a few microns or tens of microns across.

Satoshi Utsunomiya and Eitaro Kurihara at Kyushu University and colleagues in Japan, Europe and the US analysed three such particles obtained from soil samples dug up at two sites within a few kilometres of the Fukushima plant. They used a range of techniques to study the physical and chemical composition of these CsMPs, with the aim of establishing whether they contained any plutonium.

Mapping plutonium spread

To date, plutonium from the accident has been detected as far as 50 km from the damaged reactors. Researchers had previously thought that this plutonium, like the caesium, was released after evaporating from the fuel. But the new analysis instead points to some of it having escaped from the stricken plant in particulate form within fragments of fuel “captured” by the CsMPs.

[…]

Implications for decommissioning

The researchers note that previous studies have shown that plutonium and caesium are distributed differently in the extended area around Fukushima, which suggests that not all CsMPs contain plutonium. However, they say that the fact plutonium is found in some of these particles implies that it could have been transported as far afield as the caesium – up to 230 km from the Fukushima plant.

[…]

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Mapped: The World’s Nuclear Reactor Landscape via Visual capitalist

Omri Wallach

The World’s Changing Nuclear Reactor Landscape
View a more detailed version of the above map by clicking here

Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, the most severe nuclear accident since Chernobyl, many nations reiterated their intent to wean off the energy source. 

However, this sentiment is anything but universal—in many other regions of the world, nuclear power is still ramping up, and it’s expected to be a key energy source for decades to come.

[…]

Increasing Global Nuclear Use
Despite a dip in total capacity and active reactors last year, nuclear power still generated around 10% of the world’s electricity in 2019.

[…]

Decreasing Use in Western Europe and North America
The slight downtrend from 450 operating reactors in 2018 to 443 in 2019 was the result of continued shutdowns in Europe and North America. Home to the majority of the world’s reactors, the two continents also have the oldest reactors, with many being retired. 

At the same time, European countries are leading the charge in reducing dependency on the energy source. Germany has pledged to close all nuclear plants by 2022, and Italy has already become the first country to completely shut down their plants.

Read more and see the diagrams at Mapped: The World’s Nuclear Reactor Landscape via Visual capitalist

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19年、原発用の核燃料輸入ゼロ 過去50年で初、国内製造もなく via 沖縄タイムス

原発の核燃料となるウランや燃料集合体の輸入が2019年にほぼゼロになったことが11日、貿易統計で分かった。輸入を開始した1960年代以降で初めてとみられる。東京電力福島第1原発事故後の新規制基準の影響で国内の燃料製造工場が止まっており、再稼働原発も少ないのが背景。原子力業界の停滞を象徴している。

(略)

国内に良い鉱床がないため、日本は海外から濃縮ウランのほか、天然ウランや集合体そのものも輸入している。(共同通信)

全文は19年、原発用の核燃料輸入ゼロ 過去50年で初、国内製造もなく

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「黒い雨」訴訟、厚労省が控訴検討 「新たな知見ない」 広島市・県は救済要望 via 中国新聞

原爆の放射性物質を含んだ「黒い雨」に国の援護対象区域外で遭い、健康被害を訴える広島県内の原告全84人に被爆者健康手帳を交付するよう広島市と県へ命じた7月29日の広島地裁判決で、厚生労働省が市と県に控訴を求める方向で検討していることが7日、分かった。ただ、市と県は政府の「政治決断」による控訴の見送りと被害者の救済を強く求めており、控訴期限の12日に向けて大詰めの駆け引きが続いている。

 複数の関係者によると、厚労省は広島地裁の判決後、原告全員に被爆者健康手帳を交付するのは困難と説明した。長崎原爆で国の指定地域外にいた「被爆体験者」を被爆者と認めなかった最高裁の2017年12月と19年11月の2度の判断や、健康被害を黒い雨の影響とする新たな科学的知見がない点を理由に挙げたという。

 このため厚労省は、原告全員について控訴する検討を進めており、市と県へ控訴を求める方向だ。被爆者健康手帳の交付は国からの法定受託事務として市と県が実務を担っており、今回の裁判では市と県が被告となっているためだ。

 一方で市と県は、援護対象区域の拡大を長年にわたって国に求めてきた経緯がある。松井一実市長は6日、国が控訴を求めてきた場合に市の判断で控訴を見送る可能性について「被害者の救済が最終目的。区域の拡大が見通せるかどうか見極めたい」と語った。

 この状況を踏まえて、厚労省が控訴を求める際、援護対象区域の見直しが必要かどうかを検証する方針を合わせて打ち出し、市と県に譲歩を促すとの観測が出ている。安倍晋三首相(山口4区)が控訴断念を政治決断する余地が残っているとの見方もある。市と県は政府の方針を見極めた上で、最終的に控訴するかどうかを判断する見込みだ。

 現行の援護対象区域は、被爆直後の広島管区気象台(現広島地方気象台)の調査を基に、国が1976年に指定した。市や県が2010年、黒い雨体験者たちのアンケートに基づいて拡大するよう国に求めたが、厚労省の有識者検討会は12年、区域拡大に否定的な報告書をまとめ、当時の民主党政権が拡大を見送った。

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3年前「どこの国の総理ですか」 安倍首相に80歳被爆者「私たちには後がない」<長崎原爆の日> via東京新聞

 安倍晋三首相は9日、長崎市平和祈念式典でのあいさつや被爆者代表との面会で、核兵器禁止条約に批判的な姿勢を取り続けた。3年前の同じ面会の場で、一人の男性被爆者が「あなたはどこの国の総理ですか」と、核禁条約参加を直接求めた。今年の面会にも出席したが「今回も同じことの繰り返しだった。私たちにはもう後がないんだ」と、参加を拒み続ける首相の姿勢に憤りを隠さない。(柚木まり) 

男性は、長崎県平和運動センター被爆者連絡協議会の川野浩一議長(80)。 

2017年8月9日の首相と被爆者代表の面会で、核禁条約への署名などを求める要望書を手渡す際、首相に「あなたはどこの国の総理ですか。今こそ、あなたが世界の核兵器廃絶の先頭に立つべきです」と、強い口調で迫った。例年なら書面を渡すだけの役割だが、前月に国連で採択された核禁条約に、唯一の戦争被爆国である日本が賛同しないことが納得できなかったからだ。

「どうして私たちの気持ちが分からないのか。何とかひと言言わなければと怒りを禁じ得なかった」。川野さんは面会当日の朝、「あなたはどこの国の総理ですか」などの言葉をメモし、要望の際に手にしていた。要望書を手渡そうとしたが、その手を引っ込めて、思いを首相にぶつけた。 

5歳の時、爆心地から3.1キロの自宅前で被爆した川野さん。5年前に食道がんを発症し、原爆症に認定された。ともに活動を続ける協議会のメンバーも、高齢化で施設に入所したり亡くなったりして、これまでのような活動ができなくなりつつある。 

核禁条約への日本の参加を願って迎えた被爆75年の「原爆の日」。首相に会える1年に一度の機会に、少しでも被爆者の思いを分かってもらいたい。そんな気持ちを抱き、今回も被爆者代表の一人として出席した。被爆者側は「長崎を最後の被爆地に」と条約批准を改めて求めたが、首相はまたも賛意を示さなかった。面会は首相の日程を理由に予定時間の30分で終わり、質問もできなかった。 

川野さんはつぶやいた。「首相から、ちっとも中身のある答えが返ってこない。80歳を超え、ぎりぎりだと思って活動しているのに、挫折感ばかりが大きくなっている」


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Nuclear Watch NM Chief Blasts Los Alamos County For ‘Racial Injustice’, Archbishop Voices Support For Nuclear Disarmament via Los Alamos Reporter

BY MAIRE O’NEILL
maire@losalamosreporter.com

Nuclear Watch New Mexico executive director Jay Coghlan blasted Los Alamos County as a “stark illustration” of how racial injustice “plagues our land” Thursday in a speech recorded for an hour-long virtual national commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. .

“The County itself is 70 percent non-Hispanic White, while New Mexico as a whole is 48 percent Hispanic and 12 percent Native American. Los Alamos County is the fourth richest county in the U.S. but is now asking the Department of Energy for the transfer of 3,000 acres to it at no cost. This land was seized from Hispanic homesteaders and Native Americans at the beginning of the Manhattan Project and that land should go back to them. Where is the racial justice in this?” Coghlan said.

The Department of Energy recently informed Los Alamos County that the request for the land transfer has been denied. See here.

Coghlan earlier said he was thrilled to have the Archbishop John C. Wester of Santa Fe join in the commemoration.

“Two of the nation’s three nuclear weapons laboratories lie within his dioceses – Sandia and Los Alamos. Because of that, more money is spent in his dioceses than any other dioceses in the country and perhaps the world. In fact there are probably more nuclear warheads in his dioceses – some 2,500 stored in reserve at the Kirtland Air Force Base at Albuquerque,” Coghlan said.

Zeroing in on Los Alamos National Laboratory’s future mission of expanded plutonium pit production , he said future production is not to maintain the safety and reliability of “the already extensively tested and reliable stockpile”.

“Instead, future production will be for speculative new designs that can’t be tested because of the existing global testing moratorium or perhaps worse, will prompt the U.S. back into testing sparking a new nuclear arms race,” he said.

Coghlan said this could actually degrade U.S. national security instead of improving it.

“This begs the question of what is real national security. Here our nation is, facing a global pandemic and failed presidential leadership, but nevertheless the federal government is actively planning and is beginning to spend $2 trillion on so called modernization of weapons,” he said. “This will rebuild every warhead in the stockpile, design and produce new warheads, build new production facilities expected to last until the year 2080, and build new missile subs and bombers to deliver them. This does nothing for our national security in terms of fighting against the coronavirus pandemic and climate change.”

Archbishop Wester in his prerecorded address said noted that although socially distanced, “We are united in our resolve to eliminate nuclear weapons and to build a world that’s grounded not on fear and distrust but on mutual respect for the life and dignity of all”.

He said when he visited Hiroshima and Nagasaki a few years ago in September 2017,  he felt “a fear, a dread and a sorrow” that united him in some mysterious way with “that unfathomable suffering”.

[…]

“The bishops of the U.S. steadfastly renew our urgent call to make progress on the disarmament of nuclear weapons. The church proclaims her clarion call and humble prayer for peace in our world which is God’s gift to the salvific sacrifice of Jesus Christ,” he said. “We in New Mexico have been and continue to be directly involved in nuclear arms. It was poignant for me to return (from the trip to Japan) and within a short while pass the old office in Santa Fe where scientists reported for duty with the Manhattan Project, proceeding to one of the laboratories where the first nuclear bomb was engineered and manufactured. And of course it was here at the Trinity Site that the first nuclear bomb was detonated.”

He said New Mexico is also a land of beauty and peace where many cultures come together.

“We wish to be known as a state where peace supplants war and where we seek to be instrumental in moving our world from conflict and fear to peace and tranquility. I am gratified to see the many scientists at laboratories here in New Mexico that work to this end as they make strides in research that envelopes energy and environmental programs, computing science, bioscience, engineering science, material science and microsystems as well as advances in medicine and lately in helping to fight COVID-19. These are productive uses of our laboratories that we’re proud of,” Archbishop Wester said.

He asked for prayers that justice would be provided for those whose families have been so severely damaged by the nuclear tests that have taken place in New Mexico over the years.

“I’m speaking about the reparation that needs to be made to the downwinders . The Tularosa Downwinders Consortium is working hard on this and I support their efforts,” Archbishop Wester said.

[…]

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The American narrative of Hiroshima is a statue that must be toppled via Counterpunch

By Robert Jacobs and Ran Zwigenberg

[…]

The American telling of the nuclear attacks focuses on the astonishing accomplishments of scientists involved in developing the weapons, on industrial manufacturers producing the weapons, politicians “deciding” what to do with the revolutionary technology, and the highly trained military personnel who “dropped” the bombs (always a passive construction) on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It seems that every year someone finds another way to tell the story that celebrates the inclusiveness prioritized in modern American narration. Some tell the story of children expressing pride in their parents involvement in creating this weapon. Others find “inspiring” angles of inclusiveness such as gender, or of minority racial groups, leaving unmentioned the enforcement of Jim Crow style discrimination in employment practices in the Manhattan Project production workforce. But the central players in the story are Americans, there are no Japanese people in the story. Japanese people are included only as statistics: how many dead; how many wounded. It is a story of the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of human beings in which those murdered are a footnote. No Japanese person is named.

This is a continuation of the war time erasure of Japanese humanity. In its practice of “urbacide” the US military turned human urban settlements, which were full of innocent civilians, into “kill zones,” “target areas,” and “workers dwellings,” or simply equations or statistics of burned area and bomb tonnage. Hiroshima was the culmination of a campaign that saw up to 350,000 civilians bombed, burned and strafed by the US 20th Air Force. Yet, we treat the people who executed these raids as tortured souls who hated what they were doing. That is if we think about them at all.

The fire raids are completely obscured by the A-bombs in American and Japanese memory. Historian Mark Selden called these, somewhat provocatively, a forgotten Holocaust. The comparison with the Holocaust is problematic for contemporary Americans. Even obscene. But, this was not always so. Already in August 1945, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Felix Morley, not exactly a Marxist firebrand, wrote “At Nazi concentration camps, we have paraded horrified German civilians before the piled bodies of tortured Nazi victims…It would be equally salutary to send groups of representative Americans to Hiroshima. There, as at Buchenwald, there are plenty of unburied dead.” We still have not heeded Morley’s advice. We are still refusing to look at the crimes we committed during our last good war. If Morley could say this in 1945, right after the liberation of the camps, American patriotism at its highest point, we should be able to think about the implications of the comparison now.

But we rarely do. The American narrative of the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki—which are by definition, war crimes—focuses entirely on the perpetrators. When it is being recounted by experts, it often obsesses over them. Who said what to whom on what day? What materials were moved from place A to place B on what day? How were the weapons of mass destruction assembled? Who did what? The American narrative of the nuclear attacks is an obsession with the killers, and with their weapon. To the degree that the war crime itself is discussed, the focus is on the physical effects and dynamics of the weapon. The presence beneath this process of thousands of schoolchildren is unnoted.

[…]


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黒い雨訴訟判決に加藤勝信厚労相「科学的知見と異なる」via 東京新聞

加藤勝信厚生労働相は7日の閣議後記者会見で、「黒い雨」訴訟で原告全員を被爆者と認定した広島地裁判決について「これまでの最高裁判決や科学的知見に基づくわれわれの対応とは異なる厳しい内容」と述べた。控訴については、引き続き被告の広島県や広島市と協議するとした。 控訴期限は12日。加藤氏は被爆75年となった6日、広島市内で被爆者と面会。控訴断念を望む広島県の湯崎英彦知事と広島市の松井一実市長とも協議した。こうした協議などの場で、援護対象区域外の人への対応について「地元から強く求められているとの話があった」と説明。「県や市の立場をしっかり共有させていただきたい」と述べた後、「一方で」として判決内容の厳しさに触れた。(共同)

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終戦後も、使われたはずである。「慰霊」の「霊」は旧字体で「… via 東京新聞

終戦後も、使われたはずである。「慰霊」の「霊」は旧字体で「靈」と難しい。器をかたどっているらしいが、見れば、横一列に並ぶ「口」がある。慰霊に臨む時、人は今この世にいない人々が発する言葉に、耳を澄ますものかもしれない▼きょうは広島原爆忌。午前八時十五分の投下から、「草木も生えない」と言われた七十五年の月日がたって、迎える慰霊の日である▼<ピカは人が落(おと)さにゃ落ちてこん>。耳に響いてくる言葉があるとすれば、「原爆の図」の画家丸木位里さんの母スマさんの嘆きもその一つだろうか。<まるで地獄じゃ…鬼の姿が見えぬから、この世の事とわ思うたが>などの言葉とともに書き留められ語り継がれる▼人が落とすおそれが、この歳月にしてなお消えていない核兵器である。手を合わせながら七十五年の人の営みを問うなら、心にはさらにどんな言葉が返ってこよう▼史上初の核実験から七十五年を迎え、トランプ米大統領は先日、実験を「素晴らしい偉業」と語ったそうだ。地球上にいまだ一万発以上の核弾頭があって、保有国の米中は緊張の渦中にある。核兵器禁止条約は日本が参加せず、発効もしていない▼<しずかに耳を澄ませ/何かが近づいてきはしないか…午前八時一五分は/毎朝やってくる>。生誕百年を迎えた詩人石垣りんさんの『挨拶(あいさつ)』。聴くべきものが多い慰霊の日だろう。

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American’s Chernobyl via Cited

SEASON 01: EPISODE 08 (PART 1 OF 2)

America’s Chernobyl

00:00:0000:50:49AMERICA’S CHERNOBYLRewind Play Forward   

Richland, Washington is a company town that sprang up almost overnight in the desert of southeastern Washington. Its employer is the federal government, and its product is plutonium. The Hanford nuclear site was one of the Manhattan Project sites, and it made the plutonium for the bomb that devastated Nagasaki. Here, the official history is one of scientific achievement, comfortable houses, and good-paying jobs. But it doesn’t include the story of what happened after the bomb was dropped — neither in Japan, nor right there in Washington State. On part one of our two-part season finale, we tell the largely-forgotten story of the most toxic place in America.

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