A nuclear explosive revelation via Morning Star

Britain’s WMD warhead replacement is being undertaken in collaboration with the US behind the back of parliamentary scrutiny, writes DAVID LOWRY

DEFENCE Secretary Ben Wallace issued a written statement late on Tuesday afternoon, asserting: “To ensure the government maintains an effective deterrent throughout the commission of the Dreadnought class ballistic missile submarine we are replacing our existing nuclear warhead to respond to future threats and the security environment.”

This followed an exclusive in Sunday’s Observer that broke probably the most important news story of the week, although for reasons hard to fathom, the editor placed it on page 20.

Broken by investigative reporter Jamie Doward — who has a track record of breaking nuclear stories governments don’t want the media to report — it concerned the long-expected development, now confirmed by the MoD, of Britain collaborating with the US to replace the ageing Trident nuclear warheads — jointly designed by Aldermaston and Los Alamos weapons labs scientists — in its stockpile.

Wallace added: “We will continue to work closely with the US to ensure our warhead remains compatible with the Trident Strategic Weapon System.

[…]

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原爆症の最高裁判決 救済の精神、一体どこへ via 中国新聞

[…]

原爆症の認定要件は二つある。病気が放射線の影響であるという「放射線起因性」と、現時点で医療を必要とする「要医療性」だ。

 このうち放射線起因性は、国が6年前に認定基準を改め、一定の条件を満たせば積極的に認められるようになった。長年にわたる訴訟によって原爆症を幅広く認める司法判断が積み重なった結果だ。被爆者に寄り添ってきた司法の姿勢が、行政の重い腰を上げさせたと言える。

 今回の訴訟で争点となったのは、もう一つの認定要件である要医療性だ。これまでは医師の診断書があれば、大半が認定されていた。医師が関わっているのだから医療が必要な状態と判断するのが自然だろう。

 ところが最高裁は、経過観察中の被爆者が原爆症と認められるには「経過観察自体が治療のために不可欠な行為で、積極的な治療行為の一環と評価できる特別な事情が必要だ」との初判断を示した。

 これまでは例えば白内障の場合、医師の処方で点眼をしている被爆者でも被爆距離などの一定の条件を満たせば原爆症と認められるケースがあった。要医療性の今後の認定は、行政の裁量がより強まりかねない。

[…]

原爆症を定めた被爆者援護法は、前文で「たとい一命をとりとめた被爆者にも、生涯いやすことのできない傷跡と後遺症を残し、不安の中での生活をもたらした」と記している。

 その法の理念に基づけば、原爆症の認定は「被爆者」として戦後を生きていかなければならなかった人たちの救済が前提になる。どこかで線引きが必要だとしても、積極的に認定していく姿勢が行政にはもちろん、司法にも求められるはずだ。

 被爆者の全国団体である日本被団協と政府は2009年、訴訟の終結に向けて合意書を交わしている。その中には「今後、訴訟の場で争う必要のないよう、定期協議の場を通じて解決を図る」との一文がある。どれだけ尊重してきただろうか。

 定期協議は、厚生労働相と被団協などが直接話し合う場だったはずだ。しかし、厚労省が「時間が取れない」などと消極的で年に1回も開かれていない。開催しても、官僚が用意した紙を大臣が読み上げるだけの形式的な場になりつつある。

 年を重ねた被爆者に残された時間は多くはない。最高裁の判決は残念だが、行政がやり残している課題はある。合意を放置することは許されない。

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The US government insurance scheme for nuclear power plant accidents no longer makes sense via Bulletin of Atomic Scientists

By Victor Gilinsky, February 26, 2020

The Japan Center for Economic Research, a source sympathetic to nuclear power, recently put the long-term costs of the 2011 Fukushima accident as about $750 billion. Contrast that with the maximum of $13 billion that could be available after a catastrophic US nuclear accident under the plant owners’ self-insurance scheme defined by the Price-Anderson Act. The Act will have to be renewed before 2025; Congress should seize the opportunity not only to reflect on the lack of insurance in the event of a catastrophic accident, but also to reconsider our approach to nuclear power plant safety altogether.

Price-Anderson frees nuclear plant operators and all firms involved in nuclear construction and maintenance of any liability for offsite accident damage. The only chance for additional compensation lies in the act’s declaration that if accident damages exceed the legal limit “Congress will thoroughly review the particular incident” and will “take whatever action is determined to be necessary” to provide full compensation to the public. In short, a Fukushima-level accident would toss the costs of compensation and cleanup unto the lap of Congress.

[…]

The cost of, say, additional equipment, is a comparatively firm figure; but the dollar benefit of risk reduction is a very soft number, which means the cost-benefit balance is suspect.

There is a more fundamental problem. Consider the NRC’s metric for risk, which underlies its approach to nuclear safety. For an agency so devoted to “risk-informed” decision making, the NRC is strangely vague about its a definition of risk. It says merely that risk has to do with three questions: “What can go wrong? How likely is it? What are the consequences?” The key question is how to combine the probability of an accident and the consequences that would ensue. In practice, the NRC analysts take risk to be the probable, or average, loss per year—that is, the product of the probability of a particular accident and the consequences (computer-estimated radiologically caused deaths and contaminated land, expressed in dollars). (This is by no means the only possible way to express a risk goal. One may, for example, choose a figure of merit that puts more emphasis on reducing consequences, which the NRC leaves open-ended.)

[…]

The NRC staff studied the possibility of a fire in US nuclear plants similar to the ones that suffered the Fukushima accident. (The United States operates about two dozen such reactors, all over 40 years old.) The staff told the commissioners that such a fire could produce a radiological release 25 times as great as the release during the Fukushima accident (and this was not the absolutely worst case). But the staff also estimated the probability of such an occurrence to be so infinitesimally small that, even multiplied by the dollar value of the harm and damage caused by a release 25 times greater than at Fukushima, the annual risk was far below the added cost of removing spent fuel from cooling pools earlier than is now required. In other words, there was no need to do anything, which was music to the ears of the NRC commissioners, who resist imposing any additional costs on the financially shaky nuclear industry.

What happened was that the NRC staff multiplied a very large number by a very small number—each a more-or-less educated guess—to get a highly uncertain result, which the commissioners then took at face value. One of the probability figures on the staff table of results (the chance of a cancer fatality within 10 miles of the plant) for a particular configuration is presented as 2 trillionths per year (2×10-12). Or, to put it another way, if a plant kept operating forever in that configuration, the accident might happen about once in 500 billion years. That’s once in 30 lifetimes of the universe. Do such numbers mean anything?

[…]Curiously, from the chairman on down, the NRC misstates the legal standard for its safety decisions. The NRC and its staff claim their job is to provide “reasonable assurance of adequate protection,” whereas the standard in the Atomic Energy Act is “adequate protection.” Under the law, their job is to provide adequate protection, period. Do the commissioners think the extra cushion of “reasonable assurance” justifies weaker regulation?

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原爆症、原告3人敗訴 認定要件で最高裁が統一判断 via中国新聞

 広島、長崎で被爆した3人がそれぞれ原爆症に認定するよう国に求めた3件の訴訟の上告審判決が25日、最高裁第3小法廷であった。宇賀克也裁判長は白内障や慢性甲状腺炎の経過観察について、原爆症認定の要件である「要医療性」に当たらないとの統一判断を示し3人の訴えを退けた。原告側敗訴が確定した。

 判決は、要医療性の要件を満たすには「経過観察自体が疾病を治療するために必要不可欠な行為であり、かつ積極的治療行為の一環と評価できる特別の事情があること」が必要とした。経過観察にとどまるとの理由で申請を却下される被爆者も多い中、病状次第では認定される余地は残した。

[…]

原告は、広島で被爆した広島市安佐南区の内藤淑子さん(75)、ともに長崎で被爆した名古屋市緑区の高井ツタエさん(84)と佐賀県の80代女性の計3人。

 患っている白内障や慢性甲状腺炎を医師が経過観察と診断したことなどから、国は原爆症への認定申請を却下。3人は2011~16年、却下処分の取り消しを求めてそれぞれ提訴した。

 判決は3人が受けている医師の診察や血液検査、エコー検査について「積極的治療行為の一環として必要不可欠であるとまではいえない」などと指摘し、「要医療性が認められるとはいえない」と判断した。

 二審は、内藤さんが広島高裁、高井さんが名古屋高裁で、経過観察も治療に不可欠な行為などとして要医療性が認められ勝訴。佐賀県の女性は福岡高裁で敗訴していた。

 最高裁が原爆症認定訴訟で判決を下すのは、長崎市の女性が国に勝訴した2000年の「長崎原爆松谷訴訟」以来2例目。厚生労働省健康局は「国の主張が認められたと認識している」とコメントした。一方、日本被団協と原告団、弁護団は「被爆者の救済に背を向けたことは最高裁として恥ずべき態度であり、厳しく抗議する」との声明を出した。(河野揚)

 <クリック>原爆症認定制度 米国が投下した原爆の放射線が原因で病気やけがを患っていると国が認めた被爆者に月14万1360円の医療特別手当を支給。認定されるには原爆放射線と病気の関連性である「放射性起因性」と、治療が必要な状態である「要医療性」の要件を満たさなければならない。

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Supreme Court rejects claims of 3 atomic bomb survivors via The Japan News (Yomiuri Shimbun)

Jiji PressTOKYO (Jiji Press) — Supreme Court rejected Tuesday claims by three survivors of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki for certification as so-called atomic-bomb disease sufferers.

The top court overturned Hiroshima High Court and Nagoya High Court rulings, both in 2018, that recognized a 75-year-old woman with cataracts and an 84-year-old woman with chronic thyroiditis, respectively, as atomic-bomb disease sufferers eligible for ample state financial assistance for medical treatment. The highest court, meanwhile, upheld a 2019 Fukuoka High Court ruling that turned down a similar claim by an 82-year-old woman with cataracts.

Disputed in the lawsuits against the national government was whether the plaintiffs were in need of medical treatment, a condition for the certification.

The plaintiffs were visiting hospitals to receive follow-up examinations, but the government argued that they were not undergoing active treatment to improve their symptoms.

Noting that certified atomic-bomb disease sufferers are eligible for especially generous support from the government compared to other survivors, or hibakusha, the top court concluded that it cannot be said that the three are in need of medical treatment just because they are visiting hospitals for monitoring their symptoms.

[…]

For the certification, not only the need for medical treatment but exposure to radiation has been taken into account. The ministry was criticized by the top court in a 2000 ruling for mechanically applying radiation doses when screening atomic bomb survivors eligible for the medical treatment benefits.

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◇For information on the 2000 Supreme Court ruling which granted a Nagasaki survivor certification, see here.

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AN OLYMPIC-SIZED DISASTER IS BREWING IN JAPAN via Who.What.Why

By William Boardman

[…]

The Bangkok Post argues that time is running out on the Tokyo Olympics: 

Japan needs to rethink the Olympics. The most pressing reason to postpone or cancel the 2020 Tokyo summer games, which are due to start in late July, is a raging public health crisis of unknown dimensions. The second most important reason to put the Olympics on hold is the Japanese government response to the public health crisis to date: it has shown itself to have feet of clay. 

At the same time, organizers of the Tokyo marathon on March 1 have limited participation to about 200 athletes, after originally expecting 38,000. 

Meanwhile, the governor of Fukushima Prefecture was reassuring the public that radiation is no threat to the safety of the Olympic torch run on March 26: “Through this ‘Reconstruction Olympics,’ we would like to show how Fukushima’s reconstruction has progressed in the past nine years as the result of efforts in cooperation with the Japanese government.”

[…]

The Hot Spots

The J-Village National Training Center is an Olympic sports complex that includes a stadium, 11 soccer fields, a swimming pool, a hotel, and conference center — all located about 12 miles from the ruined reactors at Fukushima. 

Last December, the environmental organization Greenpeace published a study documenting radioactive hot spots at J-Village, and found in some areas radiation levels as much as 1,700 times higher than they had been in 2011 before the meltdowns.

Greenpeace also found radiation levels roughly 280 times higher than those promised by the Japanese government. As CNN reported: “Using Greenpeace’s calculations, people staying near the stadium could be exposed to a greater amount of radiation in just over a day than they would naturally experience in a year.”

While Greenpeace found that most of the J-Village site was not highly radioactive, the organization questioned the Tokyo Electric Power Co.’s (TEPCO) approach to cleaning up the hot spots at the site:

How were such high levels of radiation not detected during the earlier decontamination by TEPCO? Why were only the most alarming hotspots removed and not the wider areas following the standard decontamination procedures? Given these apparent failures, the ability of the authorities to accurately and consistently identify radiation hot spots appears to be seriously in doubt.

On January 21, Fukushima Prefecture officials issued a statement assuring the public that radiation levels “won’t be posing any problem for holding the torch relay,” and that radiation exposure would be less than the exposure during a flight from New York to Tokyo. 

The statement provided no details explaining any ongoing safety measures: what measures had been taken to decontaminate hot spots, what effort was being made to search out other hotspots, or any other details of decontamination procedures.

[…]

The Japanese government and TEPCO have been advocating the Pacific Ocean dumping solution for more than two years. Authorities say the water has been decontaminated, but this has never been true. At best, the water contains high levels of radioactive, carcinogenic tritium. The filtration device used on the water, the Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS), is unable to remove tritium. 

In 2017, TEPCO was claiming that ALPS had cleaned the water of every radionuclide other than tritium. That was not true. In August 2018, TEPCO admitted that the treated water still contained radioactive contaminants including iodine, cesium, and strontium, some of them above officially designated safe levels.

As the IAEA has documented, the authorities have released controlled amounts of radioactive water from Fukushima into the Pacific for years. Additionally, uncontrolled radioactive groundwater has flowed into the Pacific continuously since the 2011 disaster, although that flow has been substantially reduced. As the Fukushima site runs out of storage space, the campaign to release 300 million gallons of radioactive wastewater into the Pacific has intensified.

In November 2019, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists published a status report on Fukushima that began:

After more than eight years, Japan is still struggling with [the] aftermath of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. The Japanese government and nuclear industry have not solved the many technical, economic, and socio-political challenges brought on by the accident. More worrying, they continue to put special interests ahead of the public interest, exacerbating the challenges and squandering public trust.

Among the problems at Fukushima, the Bulletin cited a highly radioactive exhaust stack that is at risk of collapse and needs to be carefully removed. In 2019, in its first attempt to remove the stack, TEPCO constructed a tower that was three meters too short to do the job. Other glitches have plagued this operation, which is ongoing.

The Bulletin also noted that a subcommittee of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry recommended dumping treated wastewater with a low level of tritium into the Pacific. However, this plan was stalled by the authorities’ failure to reduce radioactivity to safe levels — or to tell the truth about it.

[…]

Reacting to the briefing, Common Dreams (a nonprofit US-based progressive news website) reported: “Nuclear policy expert Paul Dorfman said Saturday, ‘Releasing Fukushima radioactive water into ocean is an appalling act of industrial vandalism.’ Greenpeace opposes the plan as well.”

[…]

Happy Talk

Current media coverage of Fukushima, where it exists, is mostly happy talk about the Olympics and how safe the country has become in the wake of the Fukushima disaster. Radiation that will persist for thousands of years and quiescent nuclear reactors whose meltdowns could reignite any time something else goes wrong are largely ignored.

“Wildlife is thriving in radioactive Fukushima,” according to the Wildlife Society of Bethesda, MD, on February 6, 2020. The Society’s reporting is based on a 2020 study published by the Ecological Society of America in Washington, DC. The limited study used remote sensors to gather data from areas radiologically unsafe for humans (in the so-called human-evacuation zone). 

[…]

In other words, the researchers have no idea whether or not these populations are “thriving,” only that they appear to have reestablished themselves in pre-meltdown numbers in areas still deemed unsafe for humans.  

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IAEA chief says Fukushima water release plan meets global standards via Japan Today

OKUMA, Fukushima

The head of the International Atomic Energy Agency said Wednesday that Japan’s plan to release radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant into the environment meets global standards of practice in the industry.

The comment by IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi made during a tour of the facility that was devastated by a powerful earthquake and tsunami in 2011 comes amid strong opposition to the plan from local fishermen and neighboring South Korea.

“Whatever way forward must be based on a scientific process, a process which is based on a scientifically based and proven methodology,” Grossi told reporters after the tour.

“It is obvious that any methodology can be criticized. What we are saying from a technical point of view is that this process is in line with international practice,” he said.

This is a common way to release water at nuclear power plants across the globe, even when they are not in emergency situations, he said.

[…]

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原爆症認定で最高裁判決 司法の役割果たさず viaしんぶん赤旗

[…]

厳しいハードル

 最高裁判決は、この「要医療性」について新たな条件をつけ、その門を狭くしました。

 条件とは、経過観察自体が治療行為を現実的な目的として行われていることや、経過観察自体がその病気を治癒するため必要不可欠な行為であり、かつ、積極的治療行為の一環として評価できる特別な事情があるなど、きわめて厳しいハードルです。

 日本原水爆被害者団体協議会(日本被団協)の木戸季市(すえいち)事務局長は25日の会見で、裁判所はギリギリのところで被爆者の声に耳を傾け判断してくれていたという印象を持っていたが、「最高裁は、被爆者の声に耳を傾けなかった」と述べ、逆行ぶりを批判しました。

 最高裁判決を前に、日本被団協は、どこで、どんな被爆体験をし、どんな人生を送ってきたかをつづった「最高裁への手紙」を全国の被爆者から142通集め、最高裁に提出してきました。

 それらの手紙には、「被爆患者の苦しみを言葉で伝えることは本当に難しい。最高裁まで争わなければ理解してもらえないとは残念でなりません。どうか高齢化する被爆者の声にご理解いただき、適正な判断を」などのメッセージが書かれていました。

 原爆症認定は、被爆者に対する国の責任を果たすために制定されたものであるはずです。被爆者手帳を持っている人は現在約14万人います。被爆によって病気が引き起こされているにもかかわらず、「要医療性」の判断によって認定・更新が足切りされることがあってはなりません。

制度の見直しを

 木戸事務局長は、「原爆被害への国家補償を求めて、憲法9条を守っていく運動に余生をささげていく決意だ」と語り、政治的決断を求めて要求していく姿勢を示しました。

 日本被団協は提言で、原爆症認定制度の抜本的見直しを政治の責任で行うよう求めています。国はこうした声を受け止め、被爆者救済に責任を果たすことが求められています。

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原爆症認定訴訟 訴え退け原爆症と認めない判決確定 最高裁via NHK News Web

広島や長崎で被爆し、白内障などの病気になって経過観察とされた人たちを原爆症と認定するかどうかが争われた3件の裁判で、最高裁判所はいずれも訴えを退けたうえで、経過観察の人を原爆症と認定するには「経過観察じたいが治療に不可欠で治療の一環だといえる特別な事情が必要だ」という初めての判断を示しました。

被爆の影響で白内障などになり、経過観察とされた被爆者らが国に原爆症の認定を求めた3件の裁判では、広島高裁と名古屋高裁が一部の被爆者を原爆症と認めた一方、福岡高裁は認めませんでした。

国が原爆症と認定して手当を支給するには、「現在、医療が必要な状態にある」という条件を満たす必要があり、経過観察とされた人がその条件にあてはまるかをめぐって裁判所の判断が分かれていました。

[…]

そして「病気の再発や悪化の程度と、結果の重大性など、医学的にみて経過観察が必要な事情を総合考慮して個別に判断すべきだ」と指摘し、3件の裁判についてはいずれも「特別な事情があるとは言えない」とし、原爆症を認めない判決が確定しました。

原告側の弁護団「不当判決」

判決の後、最高裁判所の前では、原告側の弁護団が「不当判決」と書かれた紙を広げ、集まった支援者たちは落胆した様子でした。

原告の1人で広島市の内藤淑子さんは「皆様のおかげでここまで来ることができましたが、このような結果になってしまい申し訳なく思います。同じ被爆者だった母の顔が思い浮かびました」と話していました。

原告 内藤淑子さん「納得できない結果に心が折れそうに」

裁判の後の会見で内藤淑子さんは「納得できない結果に心が折れそうになりました。どうしていいかわからず、残念でなりません。このような結果に終わりこのままでいいのか、生きているかぎり頑張らないといけないのか、自分の胸の内ははかりしれません」と話していました。

弁護団の樽井直樹弁護士は「非常に抽象的な対応だ。手当の制度論に終始していて、病気を発症した被爆者にどういう援護の手をさしのべるべきなのか、国は責任を忘却している。こんな判決に屈服せず私たちはこれからも戦い続けます」と話していました。

原告 高井ツタヱさん「何のためにこの日を迎えたのか」

名古屋市の高井ツタヱさん(84)は、9歳のときに長崎で被爆しました。原爆が投下されたとき、爆心地までおよそ5.4キロの自宅にいて、その後、親類を捜すためおよそ2キロまで近づいたということです。被爆者に対する差別に苦しんだ高井さんは、亡くなった夫にすら被爆したことを打ち明けられなかったと言います。

平成6年に「慢性甲状腺炎」と診断され、定期的に医療機関に通って経過観察を続けてきた高井さん。平成22年になって原爆症の申請をしましたが認められませんでした。

25日の判決のあと、記者会見した高井さんは「がっかりしています。何のためにこの日を迎えたのかという思いです」としたうえで、「被爆から75年がたち、いつどこでどういう病気になるか、不安を抱えたまま毎日を過ごしています。裁判が終わっても、不安を抱えて生きていく状況に変わりありません」と話しました。

厚労省「主張認められた」

厚生労働省原子爆弾被爆者援護対策室は「本日の最高裁の判決では、国の主張が認められたと認識しております」とコメントしています。

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IAEA chief vows support for Japan on Fukushima plant decommission via Japan Today

TOKYOThe head of the International Atomic Energy Agency on Tuesday promised Prime Minister Shinzo Abe its continued support for Japan’s efforts to safely decommission the crippled Fukushima nuclear power plant.

IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi and Abe also agreed to cooperate in tackling challenges including Iran’s rejection of its commitments under the 2015 nuclear deal and stalled denuclearization talks with North Korea, according to the Japanese Foreign Ministry.

In their meeting at the premier’s office in Tokyo, Abe briefed Grossi on the situation at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, which suffered a triple meltdown following a powerful earthquake and tsunami in March 2011.

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Grossi said the IAEA backs Japan’s dual-track approach of decommissioning the plant while revitalizing the local community, which remains fractured after seeing numerous casualties and an exodus of survivors to other parts of the country, according to the ministry.

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At the outset of the meeting, which was open to reporters, Abe said Japan has a special relationship with the Vienna-based nuclear watchdog because of its experience with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

“As the only country which has experienced the devastation of nuclear weapons in war, Japan attaches great importance to the activities of the IAEA, which is the cornerstone of the international nuclear nonproliferation regime,” Abe said.

Grossi replied, “You mentioned history, history is of course part of that but…I think it’s also the present and the future where this organization and Japan have a lot to do together in so many areas.”

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