[…]
The country is pulling the plug on its last three reactors on Saturday (15 April), betting it will succeed in its green transition without nuclear power.
On the banks of the Neckar River, not far from Stuttgart in south Germany, the white steam escaping from the nuclear power plant in Baden-Württemberg will soon be a memory.
The same applies further east for the Bavarian Isar 2 complex and the Emsland complex, at the other end of the country, not far from the Dutch border.
While many Western countries depend on nuclear power, Europe’s largest economy is turning the page- even if the subject remains controversial until the end.
Germany is implementing the decision to phase out nuclear power taken in 2002 and accelerated by Angela Merkel in 2011, after the Fukushima disaster.
Fukushima showed that “even in a high-tech country like Japan, the risks associated with nuclear energy cannot be controlled 100 per cent”, the former chancellor justified at the time.
The announcement convinced public opinion in a country where the powerful anti-nuclear movement was initially fuelled by fears of a Cold War conflict, and then by accidents such as Chernobyl.
The invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 brought everything into question. Deprived of Russian gas, the flow of which was essentially interrupted by Moscow, Germany found itself exposed to the worst possible scenarios, from the risk of its factories being shut down to the risk of being without heating in the middle of winter.
There’s no time to ‘go back’ to nuclear
With just a few months to go before the initial deadline for closing the last three reactors on 31 December, the tide of public opinion began to turn.
“With high energy prices and the burning issue of climate change, there were of course calls to extend the plants,” says Jochen Winkler, mayor of Neckarwestheim, where the plant of the same name is in its final days.
Olaf Scholz’s government, which the Green Party – the most hostile to nuclear power – is part of, finally decided to extend the operation of the reactors to secure the supply until 15 April.
“There might have been a new discussion if the winter had been more difficult if there had been power cuts and gas shortages. But we have had a winter without too many problems,” thanks to the massive import of liquefied natural gas, notes Mr Winkler.
For the mayor of the town of 4,000 inhabitants, more than 150 of whom work at the plant, “the wheel has already turned” and there was no time to “go back”.
Sixteen reactors have been closed since 2003. The last three plants supplied 6 per cent of the country’s energy last year, compared with 30.8 per cent in 1997.
Meanwhile, the share of renewables in the generation mix has risen to 46 per cent by 2022, up from less than 25 per cent a decade earlier.
Germany needs to install five wind turbines a day
The current rate of progress in renewables does not satisfy either the government or environmentalists, and Germany will not meet its climate targets without a serious push.
These targets “are already ambitious without the nuclear phase-out – and every time you deprive yourself of a technological option, you make things more difficult,” notes Georg Zachmann, an energy expert at the Brussels think-tank Bruegel.
The equation is even more complex given the goal of shutting down the country’s coal-fired power plants by 2038, many of them by 2030.
Coal still accounts for a third of Germany’s electricity production, with an 8 per cent increase last year to compensate for the absence of Russian gas.
Germany needs to install “four to five wind turbines every day” over the next few years to cover its needs, warned Olaf Scholz. This is a tall order compared to the 551 units installed in 2022.
A series of regulatory relaxations adopted in recent months should speed up the pace. “The planning and approval process for a wind power project takes an average of four to five years,” according to the industry association (BWE), which believes that gaining one or two years would be “a considerable step forward”.
